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Newsgroups: sci.crypt
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From: frode@dxcern.cern.ch (Frode Weierud)
Subject: Re: Enigma Machine
Message-ID: <1993Feb9.161155.16684@dxcern.cern.ch>
Reply-To: frode@dxcern.cern.ch
Organization: CERN European Lab for Particle Physics
References: <SR.93Feb7171045@zen.mp.co.umist.ac.uk> <1993Feb9.112216.11734@hsr.no>
Distribution: sci
Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1993 16:11:55 GMT
Lines: 73

In <1993Feb9.112216.11734@hsr.no> frank@hsr.no (Frank A Stevenson) writes:

> For historical reasons the Enigma is a very interesting cipher, and one
>would expect that all details of its working should be widely known. I have tried
>to get information on the excact wiring an operation of the rotors in order to
>make a working software emulation of the famous Enigma. But I haven't found any
>information about this. If anyone could point me to sources describing the
>permutations, it would be most appreciated.

> Frank
>--

You will find the rotor wirings below. If you need any other
information you can always contact me at the address below.




Enigma rotor wirings as used by
German Forces during World War II.
**********************************


Rotor Wiring Notch Window Remarks
No. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
***************************************************************************
I EKMFLGDQVZNTOWYHXUSPAIBRCJ Y Q
II AJDKSIRUXBLHWTMCQGZNPYFVOE M E
III BDFHJLCPRTXVZNYEIWGAKMUSQO D V
IV ESOVPZJAYQUIRHXLNFTGKDCMWB R J
V VZBRGITYUPSDNHLXAWMJQOFECK H Z
VI JPGVOUMFYQBENHZRDKASXLICTW H,U Z,M
VII NZJHGRCXMYSWBOUFAIVLPEKQDT H,U Z,M
VIII FKQHTLXOCBJSPDZRAMEWNIUYGV H,U Z,M
Beta LEYJVCNIXWPBQMDRTAKZGFUHOS M-4 only
Gamma FSOKANUERHMBTIYCWLQPZXVGJD M-4 only

Reflector B (Thick, normal):
(AY),(BR),(CU),(DH),(EQ),(FS),(GL),(IP),(JX),(KN),(MO),(TZ),(VW)

Reflector C (Thick, normal):
(AF),(BV),(CP),(DJ),(EI),(GO),(HY),(KR),(LZ),(MX),(NW),(QT),(SU)

Reflector B (Thin, M-4 only) :
(AE),(BN),(CK),(DQ),(FU),(GY),(HW),(IJ),(LO),(MP),(RX),(SZ),(TV)

Reflector C (Thin, M-4 only) :
(AR),(BD),(CO),(EJ),(FN),(GT),(HK),(IV),(LM),(PW),(QZ),(SX),(UY)



Notes:
1) Notch column gives the position on the alphabet ring.
2) Window column gives letter apparing in Enigma window when
the notch is in the engaged position.
3) Alphabet on reflectors are going clockwise viewed from
the contact pad side.
4) Standard alphabet is on the rotor's right-hand side,
permutation alphabet on the left-hand side.
Normal rotors have pins on R.H.S and pads on L.H.S.
Greek rotors (Beta,Gamma) have pins on both sides.


Regards,
Frode

**************************************************************************
* Frode Weierud Phone : 41 22 7674794 *
* CERN, SL Fax : 41 22 7823676 *
* CH-1211 Geneva 23 E-mail : frode@dxcern.cern.ch *
* Switzerland or weierud@cernvm.cern.ch *
**************************************************************************


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From: boyd@acsu.buffalo.edu (Daniel F Boyd)
Newsgroups: sci.crypt
Subject: Re: Question about 'Crypt breakers workbench'
Message-ID: <C4K8tu.6C1@acsu.buffalo.edu>
Date: 27 Mar 93 18:32:18 GMT
References: <1993Mar27.013830.2634@bernina.ethz.ch>
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In article <1993Mar27.013830.2634@bernina.ethz.ch>
gec@nice.usergroup.ethz.ch (Germano Caronni) writes:
> - Does anybody know what approach would be used today to break the
> real Enigma (not just the 1.5-wheel Unix crypt(1)) that was used
> during WWII ?

How much money do you want to spend? ;-)

Let's pick the Army Enigma.

3 rotors picked from a set of 5, and stacked on the axle.
[60 possibilities]

26 possible positions for each rotor
[26^3 = 17576 possibilities]

Five pairs of letters swapped by the plugboard: choose ten letters,
pick an ordering of them, plug cable 1 into the first two, cable 2
into the second two etc. But I could plug the cables in in any
permutation so I'm 5! times too big. But the cables are bidirectional
so I'm 2 times too big.
[(26 choose 10) times 10! divided by (2*5!) = 15120 cable settings.]

265749120 possible keys.

That's only 2^27.

Direct search of the Enigma keyspace is apparently feasible on modern
parallel computers. Assuming I got (a) the number of cables right and
(b) got the number of possible cable-swaps right

This assumes unknown-plaintext! With a known-plaintext attack we are
much luckier, and can do a bombe-type attack before searching the
plugboard space; this puts the Enigma in reach of a PC-XT.

Which isn't surprising, since the Enigma was in reach of people in the
1940s who just had electric motors and metal relays.

--
Daniel F. Boyd -- boyd@cs.buffalo.edu

"Here, a piece of the True Cross. And in this case, we have the skull
of John the Baptist at the age of twelve."